History of Cinema Essay

From the very beginning its existence the cinema has created works of art worthy to stand comparison with the masterpieces of painting, music, literature, and theatre. Even more than that, the cinema is irremovably embedded in the whole history of the twentieth century. It has not only shaped but also reflected the reality of the times. The cinema gave also form to the aspirations and dreams of people all over the world. This work will focus on the main historical factors and the conditions surrounding the history of film-making. However, it is also the case that it is simply impossible, in a work of this size, to do justice to all the many individuals, technologies and processes that have played noteworthy roles in the history of cinema. The history is not only interesting in its own right; it can also illuminate with particular clarity how the cinema works as a whole. This work consists of four main parts: the Early times, the Silent Cinema, the Sound Cinema, and the Modern Cinema from 1960 to the modern times. In each part the paper looks at history of the cinema in general. As far as possible this paper will cover each development from a broad international perspective. The Early Cinema From the beginning the cinema developed quickly. What in 1890 had been just a dream had by 1913 grown into a whole industry. First films were just moving snapshots. They were only one minute in length and nearly all consisted of just one shot. By 1905, the films were usually five to ten minutes in length and included changes of site and camera position to create a story or show a theme. Later, in the early 1910s, when the first ‘feature-length’ films appeared, there little by little emerged new techniques for handling complex stories. At this time the process of creating of films had itself grown into a large-scale business. Specialist offices had emerged, exceptionally intended to the making of films. During the 1910s the heart of supply became Los Angeles – Hollywood. The early cinema of from the mid- 1890s to the mid-1910s is often called ‘pre-Hollywood’ cinema. The cinema of this period has also been called pre-classical. Actually the styles of filmmaking common in the early years have never been completely shifted by Hollywood or classical modes, even in America. Many films continued to be pre- or at any rate non-Hollywood in their style for a long time. But it is right to say that much of the cinema development in the years from 1906 or 1907 can be considered as laying the ground for what later became the Hollywood industry. Silent Cinema On the contrary to popular belief, the history of animation did not begin with Walt Disney’s sound film Steamboat Willie in 1928. Before that film there was a popular tradition, a film industry, and a vast number of films – considering nearly 100 of Disney’s (Hayward 234). The general history of the animated film begins with the use of transient trick effects in films around the turn of the century. As several genres emerged (Westerns, chase films, etc. ). During 1906-10, there appeared at the same time films made all or mostly by the animation technique. Since most films were a single reel. There was little programmatic difference between the animated films and others. But the multi-reel film trend developed after around 1912. Animated films retained their one-reel-or-less length. Until the First World War, animation was a completely international phenomenon. However, after about 1915 the producers in the United States began to control the world market. In a quarter of a century, the silent cinema created a tradition of film comedy. The cinema arrived at the end of a century that had witnessed a rich development of popular comedy. Later, the new proletarian audiences of the great cities of Europe and America found their own theatre in music hall, variety, and musical comedy. With these popular audiences, comedy became constant demand. When life was bad, laughter was a comfort; when it was good, they wanted to enjoy themselves just the same. Famous comedy mime troupes of the music halls, like the Martinettis, the Ravels, the Hanlon- Lees, and Fred Karno’s Speechless Comedians, can be seen as direct predecessors of one-reel slapstick films. Karno, in fact, was to train two of the greatest film comedians, Charlie Chaplin and Stan Laurel (Hayward 56- 58). The term ‘documentary’ did not become popular use until the late 1920s and 1930s. In the beginning it was applied to various kinds of ‘creative’ non-fiction screen practice in the post-First World War, classical cinema era. Originating films in the category have typically comprised Robert Flah erty ‘s Nanook of the North ( 1922), various Soviet films of the 1920s such as Dziga Vertov’s The Man with the Movie Camera (Chelovek s kinoapparatom, 1929), Walter Ruttmann’s 11Berlin: Symphony of a City (Berlin: die Sinfonie der GroBstadt, 1927), and John Grierson’s Drifters ( 1929) (Cook 89). Early documentarians used the magic lantern to create complex and often sophisticated programs out of a succession of projected photographic images. The images were accompanied by a live narration, with an occasional use of music and sound effects. By the turn of the century, films were gradually replacing slides. This in turn gave rise to the new terminology. The documentary tradition preceded film and has continued into the era of television and video. In this way it was redefined in the light of technological innovations, as well as in the context of shifting social and cultural forces. British films of the period were often quite sophisticated, particularly in the comic and actuality fields. Narrative editing, too, was often innovative. Sound Cinema The development from silent to sound cinema marks a period of revolution in the history of cinema. The revolution 4can be easily dated from 6 October 1927, with the New York premiere of Warner Bros. ‘ The Jazz Singer in which Al Jolson pronounces the immortal line ‘You ain’t heard nothin’ yet’ with more or less perfect synchronization between his lips in the film and his voice recorded in parallel on a disc (Hjort 90). Filmmakers began to use innovative sound technology that produced panic in cinema industry. In the same time it encouraged experiments and hopes too. While it decreased popularity of Hollywood’s films for several years, it stimulated a rebirth of national film production all over the world. This period in the history of cinema has specific features that make it unique in comparison with the years before and after. The coming of sound itself, and its world-wide implications is the first look. Then the focus is on the world of the studios, how the system operated – particularly in Hollywood – and how different aspects of the cinema were combined together during the studio period. The studios were not entirely free to make films simply for the market. The system also encountered problems of how to regulate itself to take account of political, social, and moral concern. While other countries experienced political censorship of varying degrees of severity, the Hollywood cinema suffered relatively little interference from central government. The Hollywood was instead faced with carefully orchestrated demands for a moral clean-up and the risk of intervention by local censor boards (Neale 78-79). Along with spoken dialogue, the major innovation of the sound cinema was synchronized music. The art of musical illustration that was used during the silent period was changed by the synchronized music. A considerable difference was, certainly, that filmmakers began to use music as a part of the fictional world. For instance, music could now be introduced when the film showed an orchestra or an actor performing a song. Then, sound film would use music not only to the picture, but to dialogue as well. Music became pure background. Composition, performance, and recording were all subject to studio control, and the production of musical tracks of high quality can be counted one of the greatest achievements of the system. Outside Hollywood music tracks were often less polished. But directors were more often free to work with composers of their own choice, and Sergei Prokofiev’s music for Eisen stein ‘s Alexander Nevsky (1938) provides an interesting contrast to two classic Warner Bros. scores of the same period – Erich Korngold’s The Adventures of Robin Hood (1938) and Max Steiner’s Casablanca (1943). Modern Cinema  The most significant change in world cinema since 1945 was that produced by the breakdown of the Hollywood studio system and of its competitors and imitators elsewhere. By the early 1960s the Hollywood system was in severe disarray. Declining audiences and a series of costly flops left the major studios on the verge of bankruptcy or open to hostile take-over. While the studios experienced difficulties, new enterprises such as American International Pictures emerged. These companied made low-budget movies that were intended for the new youth and drive-in markets. Many new genres came into being. One of such innovations was the road movie. It proved to be influential not only on more mainstream American films but throughout the world. The mainstream itself was forced to innovate, drawing inspiration both from the down-market competition and from the new cinemas emerging in Europe. In Europe the most important single event was the sudden explosion on to the scene of the French New Wave – the Nouvelle Vague – with first features by Claude Chabrol, Francois Truffaut, Jean-Luc Godard, and Alain Resnais following each other in quick succession in 1958 and 1959 (Hjort 123). The New Wave had been briefly preceded in Britain by the ‘Free Cinema’ movement, and was followed by the ‘Young German Cinema’ which announced its existence in the Oberhausen Manifesto of 1962 and went on to renovate the lackluster West German cinema later in the decade. In Italy the change was less sudden but none the less significant, with the creation of Federico Fellini’s La dolce vita and Michelangelo Antonioni’s L’avventura in 1960. It was beginning of a new art cinema. Changes in the 1960s were not confined to Europe. The Cuban Revolution in 1959 gave an impetus to the growth of new cinemas throughout Latin America, notably in Brazil (Cook 45). In Japan the studio system which had nurtured the work of the great masters such as Mizoguchi and Ozu was also in crisis, and in the changed situation allowed for the entry on to the world stage of directors like Nagisa Oshima, who was to play a role in Japanese cinema similar to that of Godard in France. The new cinemas greatly extended the boundaries of film art. They brought new audiences into the cinema, for whom films assumed an unprecedented cultural importance. Throughout the 1960s and into the 1970s the cinema spoke more directly to these mainly young audiences than did any of the more traditional art forms. But outside Italy, France and England the innovate cinema with the new realities was not popular. Because of the limits on the size of the audience, the new cinema had to be low-budget or propped up by subsidy (sometimes both) in order to survive (Guneratne 67). The ‘new’ period in Hollywood cinema begins from the 1975 release of Steven Spielberg’s Jaws. The film signaled the birth of a new, younger generation of Hollywood directors. Born mainly in the 1940s, they both studied the films of classical Hollywood and were influenced by the filmmakers of world cinema. George Lucas and Steven Spielberg made blockbusters with classic principles. One of the most famous filmmaker in the 1980s has been Woody Allen. Allen has made famous films, such as Interiors (1978) and Stardust Memories (1980). Conclusion There exists recognition of the fact that from the beginning the cinema has developed in remarkably similar ways all over the world. But it is also recognized that from the end of the First World War onwards, one film industry – the American – has played a main role in the creation of world’s cinema. However, many nations have created their own, culturally identifiable, genre films that proved extremely popular during the 1970s and 1980s. In India, for instance, a remarkable 250 film-making companies, using more than 60 studios, continued to produce 700 feature films a year throughout the 1980s (Kindem 23). The central government encouraged the making of Indian films by requiring all commercial cinemas to screen at least one Indian film per show. A star system, much like Hollywood’s of the 1930s and 1940s, is strong in all parts of the world. Indeed Indian stars working on several productions at the same time can become enormously wealthy. The nations survived mainly by learning from Hollywood cinema. At the same time Europe produced a product that corresponded to needs that Hollywood cinema could not supply. Asian countries have been strong producers of film. Hong Kong, a country of only 5 million people, produces more films than Hollywood. In the 1990s Hong Kong’s citizens watched Hollywood and native productions in about equal numbers. In the 1980s Hong Kong martial arts films were distributed world-wide in large numbers. With broadcasting systems combined with the rise of satellite-distributed services Hollywood penetrates even these markets. Hollywood produced the most famous icons in the world such as Steven Spielberg and Arnold Schwarzenegger. With its international control, the Hollywood corporations could and will define standards of film style, form, and content.

Conservative vs. Liberal

Conservative vs. Liberal Dimitri Khago PSY/201 Sunday, August 05, 2012 Mariah Degruy Conservatives vs. Liberals Not just as Americans but as human beings we all want the same basic things in our daily lives. We all seek freedom and yearn for prosperity. We all seek for what is fair in life and not just our lives separately, but the lives of our nation’s people. We want less people to suffer as much as possible, especially our children. We all seek the best for our health being. We all want a crime free nation and crime free streets in our communities.We all want a freedom to speak and voice our opinions; yet the one major key argument is how do we achieve all of these? With all that has been going on in our nation’s economy, we begin to analyze one of the very most important, yet controversial political issue that we are facing: Liberal or Conservative? Although we are united as a whole nation, but when concerning our nation’s political policies we are very much divided. Each of us has our own beliefs and our own opinion, but the beauty of this is that this is what makes this country.This belief was instilled in our bloods from the day this great nation was formed, by our political forefathers up until now. We sometimes call these beliefs Left or Right based on the political spectrum. The political spectrum We have learned to become conservative toward the nation, our nation’s people and our nation’s policies, as well as we have learned to become liberal toward the nation, our people and our nation’s policies. Which is right you might ask, that all depends on every individuals different view and opinion to do what is right and best for them?Conservatives and Liberals differ on what they believe is correct for the government. They seek different essential needs, different government program support, different social views, and very different economic views. As humans we all seek the same basic needs to live. These needs are Life, Liberty, and Pursuit of happiness a well-known phrase from the United States Declaration of Independence. We all have the right to lead our own life in which we so choose. We all have the right to have our belief and make our own decisions and stand to our own judgments.The most important matter is that we have the right to do whatever it takes to make ourselves feel happy without harming anyone one stepping over the boundaries of others. In order to protect our individual human rights the bill of rights were established. These laws which allow the people the ability to live by these deserved rights as a human being are what distinguish us from a free person and one who is not free. If one is convicted of a felony these particular laws spoken of are no longer valid to them – the right to vote, the right to serve on a jury, and the right to bear arms are all void.Although some states are adjusting these laws to their own liking, you as a criminal are no longer privil eged to take part in these opportunities because of the crime committed, they are therefore taken away from you â€Å"†¦Other states may permanently ban felons from voting even after being released from prison, parole, and probation, and having paid all their fines. †(State Felon Voting Laws). There are many programs in which our government runs, and many of these programs are the split between the conservative or the liberal side.Liberals seem to view their government better as a larger government and support those programs which make this a reality. These include many programs, but one in particular is welfare. In the eyes of a liberal, this program is looked very highly upon. It helps those in need the ability to stand on their feet and not be out on the street. Although ideally this is a great help, but nowadays in our country, many people seem to take advantage of this opportunity and cheating the rest of society who need this help.With the educational program, a li beral supports not only public schools and a higher teacher salary, but also smaller classroom for the students. They support the idea that the classrooms should not be thirty-plus children, but also smaller more controlled environment† Vouchers take money away from public schools. † (Conservative vs. Liberal Beliefs. ). Now if you were to ask a conservative about education, they believe in the art of competition â€Å"School vouchers create competition and therefore encourage schools to improve performance. (Conservative vs. Liberal Beliefs. ). Schools should be all private so that they compete with lower costs and the parents have the opportunity to decide where they want their child to attend, and what kind of education they want for their child. Another program a conservative strongly believes in is canceling all the failed social support programs. Why should a country hold on to a program that is not helping anyone that is in need of the assistance, but financially supporting those well off, and are working and supporting their own families.Although being in the twenty-first century has expanded our view upon socialistic views, conservatives feel that we should not change our ruling on marriage and that it must stay traditional between a man and a woman. Since America was founded on grounds of religious freedom, and the Bible was and is our most highly looked upon views, conservatives feel that we shall stick to these traditional views and not support the idea of abortion or embryonic stem cell research.One must not abort a child, since that is the same as murder â€Å"Abortion is the murder of a human being. † (Conservative vs. Liberal Beliefs. ). One must also not participate in stem cell research since that too is destroying a life. This is where the argument comes in on the Liberal side. Liberals believe it is not up to us to decide if marriage shall stay between a man and a woman, what is so wrong with a man and man marrying or a woman and woman?Since this country was found on the principles of freedom and the rights to make our own decisions, the personal lives of Americans shall not be dictated by the government because of what they think is right. It has not yet been proven that a fetus inside a woman is a child or a fetus. The argument remains that a child is only a child when it takes its first breath, or that a child is a child when it is conceived. Shouldn’t the mother decide if she wants to give birth to this fetus?She will be bearing all the pain, so it should be her right to decide â€Å"A woman has the right to decide what happens with her body. A fetus is not a human life, so it does not have separate individual rights. † (Conservative vs. Liberal Beliefs. ). Now if you can save a life wouldn’t you? If you aren’t hurting anyone or anything with embryonic stem cell research, then scientist should be able to harvest these stem cells to help a life â€Å"†¦Stem cell s derived from embryos in the very earliest stages of development; these cells have long been thought by scientists to have an xtraordinary potential for alleviating the suffering caused by conditions ranging from diabetes to Alzheimer's disease to spinal cord injury. † (Gold). Money is what runs the country, one thing these two political stances have in common are the want and need for more jobs. A conservative wants the federal government not to tax the rich as high and should spend so much less. These big businesses should get the tax breaks they want and deserve to increase and generate their revenue, so that they can stimulate and keep the economy stable and grow to be much stronger.Liberal’s on the other hand believe in quite opposite of the conservative behalf they believe that the rich should be taxed more than the poor since they can afford to pay a little extra money in order to have a greater government â€Å"The less government we have, the more liberty we have. † (Amy). They also approach with saying that these big businesses should be taxed more and pay a larger amount of income tax from their profits to help support and provide for Medi-Cal, Medic-Aid, and Welfare.In conclusion regardless on which of side of the political spectrum you stand with; either you are a conservative or a liberal, at the end you center all your opinions to your own political beliefs based on your own personal ethics. With all that has been going on in our nation’s economy, we begin to analyze one of the very most important, yet controversial political issue that we are facing: Liberal or Conservative? You must decide on your own what you feel the essential needs are, government program support, social support, or the economic support you feel your country shall provide you with.References Conservative vs. Liberal Beliefs. (2005). Retrieved from http://www. studentnewsdaily. com/conservative-vs-liberal-beliefs/ State Felon Voting Laws. (2012). Retrieved from http://felonvoting. procon. org/view. resource. php? resourceID=286 Amy, D. J. (2007). A Guide to Rebutting Right-Wing Criticisms of Government. Retrieved from http://www. governmentisgood. com/feature. php? fid=14 Gold, R. B. (2004). Embryonic Stem Cell Researchaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬ Old Controversy; New Debate. Retrieved from http://www. guttmacher. org/pubs/tgr/07/4/gr070404. html

Rubics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Rubics - Essay Example Rubrics have a wider range of applications; so its importance of teaching sector cannot be ignored. The first and foremost fact about the usage of rubric connected to number assessment criteria used. Usual assessment based on single standard gets replaced with multiple measures. For example when a paper is evaluated to give scores, it will be better if various skills and inclusions are scored separately to get a resultant overall valuation. â€Å"Scoring rubrics are especially useful in assessment for learning because they contain qualitative descriptions of performance criteria that work well within the process of formative evaluation† (Tierney & Simon, 2004, para.1). The fragmented analysis helps in developing a better evaluation procedure supporting both sections of people. The person being assessed will have idea about factors and features being considered for giving him his scores while the examiner will have an easier task as he knows what have to be considered for scori ng. The method of rubrics provides a comfortable and additional branched explanation for estimation. Also, a provision for analysis by different persons is posed through this approach of valuation. The same objectives of a single person valued by more than judges create a competitive and efficient assessment result. Another purpose with rubric is to educe decisive criticism prior to final scoring judgment. The numerical scoring given for each criterion will help the examined individual to understand his flaws and benefits. The most noted use of rubric in academics is regarding the curriculum and syllabus objectives. The scoring, for each expected development through a course, given will help in reaching on effectual learning and teaching criticism. The rubric constructed below is used for the evaluation of special education website. A website with scores for all criteria as 3 will be the best

Special Education Needs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Special Education Needs - Essay Example Special Education Needs (SEN) refers to that extra or different wants of children will have due to the fact that such experience unusual learning difficulties something which lead to such children to experience difficulties not only in learning but also having an equal access to education, training and even work opportunity. Besides, language difficulties such children experience, numerous challenges, difficulties in cognitive process, and behavioural difficulties as well as psychomotor difficulties. The inclusion debate has also been concerned with the continuity dilemma for children with special needs given the fact that most children with special education needs find it hard to fit in the higher education levels as a lot of government help has in the past been given to the primary level (Audit Commission, 1992). This imbalance has created a different kind of treatment for children with special education at primary school level and different treatment when such children graduate into higher levels of education. This has been a challenge and has been fronted as a main argument by the proponents of the inclusion debate who argue that inclusion will put the children with special education need at an advantage in that if they are integrated into mainstream classes, as opposed to specialist schools, they will advance their chances of performing well at higher levels of education (Copeland, 1991). Children with special education needs are more likely to miss opportunities of higher education, as there are no sufficient numbers of higher-level education institutions, which offer specialised education (Brown, 1994). Therefore most children with special education end up getting admission to mainstream universities and colleges where special treatment is not high compared to the primary level of education. There is a need to include or integrate children into mainstream classes early enough so as to prepare such children to fit normally in mainstream colleges and universities. Children who attend specialist schools are more likely to take a long time to fit into the mainstream colleges and universities than children with special education who attended mainstream schools early in life (Allen, 1994). Specialist schools have been negatively viewed as being associated with the disadvantaged, the less fortunate, the mentally ill, the deaf and such negative labelling which can affect the self-esteem of children with special education needs. Therefore specialists' schools meet the immediate needs of the children at primary school level but do not prepare the children for challenges associated with higher levels of education. The other challenge for those children who attend specialist school is that the children may get used to specialised treatment due to the availability of special equipment and specialised staff. This is lacking in most institutions at higher levels of education and such children are more likely to experience problems in future when trying to change and fit into a mainstream class. The debate surrounding special education needs has been surrounded by controversies in agreeing to what constitutes of special needs, what to be included and what not to include. This has led to debate on whether some conditions such as dyslexia were

Mass Media- TV Show Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Mass Media- TV Show - Essay Example Castle falls under the genre of a crime comedy. The show follows the unorthodox way that Richard Castle, the titular character observing female detective Kate Beckett on the job, solves cases using movie plots, hilarious dialogues, and physical comedy. The show mostly focuses on the incompetence of criminals which leads to comedic situations or punchlines. Although Castle is regarded as one of the top crime comedies of our decade, it was not the first nor the trendsetter of the genre on television. The true trendsetter of the crime comedy is 1982s show Remington Steele, from which Castle constantly borrows story plots and dialogue from. Therefore, Castle is the copycat in this situation. Poor copycat that is. What made Remington Steele memorable for its viewers was the fact that although it dealt with serious cases, they never took the story and the situations too seriously. Which is the exact opposite of Castle, whose take on murder often borders on the dark side. The dialogue as written by the able and talented writers of Remington Steele was witty, timeless, and snappy. Castle on the other hand have writers that have a limited imagination and as such, sprinkle the comedic dialogue on the show so far between. Castle does however represent all the American races, from Latino to Asian, in their show. Their main cast is composed of a mix of African Americans and Latinos strewn into the mix with the Whites. Every so often, an Asian or other ethnicity guest will pop in on the show to stir things up for comedic effect. And, they never box a certain ethnic character into any situation that the race is known for. Rather, the writers often work to show the best of the race being represented. To be more specific, the main characters Kate Beckett and Richard Castle are clearly White, coroner Lanie Parish and Capt. Gates are both portrayed as strong willed and successful African Americans, Det. Esposito represents the

The Boreal Forest Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Boreal Forest - Case Study Example This case study analyzes the current status of boreal forest with reference to the biodiversity restoration. A restoration gap analysis of the forest was carried out, based on the ecological characteristics of the historic reference state. This gap analysis put forward a method for viewing the forest degradation and measuring its deviation with reference to its state (Kaufmann, 2003). It was found in the case study that the ecological characteristics in the study areas are relatively higher than rest of the region, mainly due to the recent logging that took place in the region that greatly affected the area of study. However when compared to the reference state of boreal forest, the area has definitely lost some of its important ecological qualities because of early human activities. In order to be successful there is a need of developing strategies in order to restore the degraded region of the forest, and landscape level approaches should also be implemented. The restoration of the ecological qualities will not just be based on the reserves but also on production forests. In such kinds of forest the management strategies are adapted to the normal functioning of ecosystem. Considering the aspects of restoration and its management while planning and formation of reserves will help in ensuring the goals related to the long term species conservation are met (Angels tam, 2000). It was concluded in the case study that restoration ecology is of great importance for the conservation of species on landscape level in existing as well as managed forest reserves. It is necessary that in the commercial forests, management should be adapted for the natural functioning of the ecosystem to every possible extent. Management and restoration strategies must also be incorporated in the formation and planning of reserves for increasing the effectiveness of long term goals associated with species

Jews in Babylon Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Jews in Babylon - Term Paper Example The Israelites and the Hebrews joined forces after the end Israelites captivity to form the Judean or Jews. ‘Jews’ will be used to mean the Israelites, in relevance to the question. The exile of the Babylonian Jews into the Diaspora between 597 BC to 539BC is one of the most important transitional periods for the Yahweh and Israelites. The events in the Babylonian exile and the consequent return to Judea resembled that of the of Israelites’ deliverance from slavery in Egypt to the Promised Land. Despite being destined by prophet Jeremiah and told of the 70 years in exile of Babylon, the captivity of the Israelites still displayed social, religious, and cultural changes for the exiles. These changes may be attributed to the changed environment and governance as the Israelites are forced by circumstances to adapt to their new surroundings (Berger & Gerson 54). The influence of Canaanites’ culture, emphasis on idolatry, was absorbed by the Israelites. The Jews that inhabited Judea were made subjects on two subsequent deportations. The first deportation took place the year 597BC under the leadership of Nebuchadnezzar after he had conquered Jerusalem (Berger & Gerson 52). The king of Babylonia attacked Jerusalem with his army to punish Jehoiakim for renouncing his allegiance to his kingdom Babylon. The king of Jerusalem Jaconiah (the son of Jehoiakim) tried fighting but Nebuchadnezzar won the battle and ordered the king and his elders and treasure to be taken to Babylon. Consequently, this meant that the Jewish people were now under the rule of Babylon and evidenced by their capture in Babylon. This marked the beginning of the Babylonian exile (597 BC) as calculated by Ezekiel the prophet. The other deportation occurred after the fall of Judah in 586 BC after conquer on Jerusalem by Nebuchadnezzar and the burning of the temple and palace, and the capture of all dwellers of Jerusalem. Another partial deportation took place after the siege o f Tyre in 582 BC, which resulted to the murder of Jewish governor of Judah, Gedaliah. This was not considered a deportation as the numbers of Jews taken to Babylon were relatively low compared to the other two deportations. Indication of the termination of the exile was first evident with the freedom of King Jehoiachin in 562 BC, and being acknowledged as above all the other leaders in the Babylon court. The actual termination of the exile occurred in 539 BC when the king of Persia Cyrus conquered the city of Babylon. King Cyrus latter ordered rebuilding of the temple of the Lord and permitted the Jews to return to their home in Jerusalem. Ezra and Nehemiah led the significant return to Judea after difficult struggles. The conditions in exile for the Jews were not favorable. The first group that had been deported initially thought that would be left to go back home hastily. They gave credit to false prophets and claimed to be the true Israel, the one favored by Yahweh because of the ir right ways of life. This was easy as they were the leading families in their time. They interacted with the Babylonians and became content with the conditions of the exile following the advice of Jeremiah. This ultimately changed their cultural and economic status as they accumulated wealth and adopted the Babylonian’s way of living. They were viewed as equals politically. While in exile, the Jews enjoyed their life more than those who had been left behind in Jerusalem. They were allowed to

Employee Relations in Human Resources Management Case Study

Employee Relations in Human Resources Management - Case Study Example The C.E.O. has a surprise for you, but it turns out that you do not like it. You decide to leave the room and your subordinate boo you. Being booed by your subordinate creates a hostile work environment. The nature of the surprise- an explicit dance on the pole – is wrong. The C.E.O. later follows you and instead of apologizing he makes the situation worse, first, he thinks you are unreasonable. He also says that if you were more social with him, you two could go amazing places. In other words, the C.E.O. discriminates against you for not being social with him. He goes ahead and massages you at the back. You are aggrieved by this even more and decide to complain to the C.EO. He does not listen to you and decide to fire you. The controlling law WLAD (Washington law against discrimination) will apply because the company is based in Washington. The law provides that managers and supervisors are personally liable for committing the discriminating act. The C.E.O. is your boss and therefore personally liable to for discriminating you. The WLAD will apply because of possible discrimination based on gender and sexual harassment. The CEO will be personally liable because the surprise aggrieved you and resulted to boo from the subordinates. The human resource employee in Washington may file a charge with Washington human right commission in this case. The commission will commence a lawsuit on behalf of the aggrieved employee. The employee may utilize the prosecution and investigational powers to file a discrimination charge. The lawsuit may seek compensatory damages injunctive relief and attorneys’ fees.

Career Development Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Career Development - Case Study Example Analysis of the Actions of Madeleine Lagarde and Her Mentor 6 2.2. Analysis of the Actions of Eric Wong and His Mentor 7 3.0. Ways to Make Mentorship More Different 8 Bibliography 9 1.0. BCG’s Career Development and Mentorship Processes: Strengths and Weakness Boston Consulting Group is considered as the ideal place for strategy consulting as an organisation. The main objective of the organisation is to attract, develop and retain the best of the candidates in the organisation. The career development process for the professionals and mentorship program in the organisation is the best. The strengths and weaknesses of these processes are discussed in the below paragraphs. 1.1. Strength of the Career Development and Mentorship Process The career development in BCG is quite remarkable. There is a good scope for career building in the organisation, ranging from associates to officers. The associates and consultants in the firm are primarily focused on the organisational module. The project leader handles various projects in the organisation. The managers have the responsibility to handle both the project and the clients of the organisation as both are termed essential for the success of the business. The officers of BCG give much emphasis on clients and the success of the organisation. ... The incoming consultants are assigned a Career Development Consultant (CDC) advisor, as they provide guidance to the clients in their project work and help them in their success. They also provide positive and/or negative feedback to the incumbents for their improvement. Therefore, the employees can grow skills by the opportunities from staffing. Consequently, the employees need to be proactive in building their skills. The training is also conducted for the professionals for qualitative and administrative purpose. The formal training helps the employees to improve their social skills, networking skills and becoming more familiar with the working environment of BCG. With an overall point of view, the on-job training is quite productive for the professionals. The BCG officers are assigned as informal mentors for incoming consultants and CDC advisors are the formal mentors. The mentors, who are selected for the incumbents, assist them to deal with several issues and stimulate their ski lls. There is no structured time for the mentors to talk to the consultants. From the first month of their joining up to 24th month, mentors discuss and try to explore various problems that may arise with the consultants in their work and workplace. 1.2. Weaknesses of Career Development and Mentorship Process BCG gives primary focus on handling the clients rather than the growth of the people. The promotion in the organisation is decided by the senior persons depending on the skills of the professionals and not by their time period in the job. Thus, biasness is most likely to arise in the workplace. There is a criterion of voluntary exit for the professionals during their on-job training period due to poor

Harts version of legal positivism and Dworkins attack of Harts Essay

Harts version of legal positivism and Dworkins attack of Harts particular version - Essay Example Also associated with positivism is the discretion thesis, which describes the fact of judicial decision as such: when there are gaps left by legal rules (i.e., in the so-called â€Å"hard cases†), judges make new laws in the exercise of their discretion. This emphasis on the part played by judicial discretion when courts have to decide open questions of law runs through positivistic jurisprudence from John Austin to H. L. A. Hart. The positivist discretion thesis has, however, been challenged by theorists like Ronald Dworkin, Rolf Sartorius and others. This paper explores the arguments of both the positivist and non-positivist camps and discusses whether an acceptance of the positivist thesis will cause one to adopt a different outlook with regards to the judicial process in hard cases. Due to space constraints, this paper focuses only on Hart’s version of legal positivism and Dworkin’s attack of Hart’s particular version. These two theorists are chosen be cause of the prominence of the Hart/Dworkin debate. Part II of the paper summarises the ideas of Hart. Part III provides an explanation of Dworkin’s attack on legal positivism. Part IV then moves into an analysis of whether adopting a positivist outlook will make a difference as to how one views the process of adjudicating hard cases.

Assessment Methods Essay Example for Free

Assessment Methods Essay Question: Explain the main types of assessments and explain how you conduct or could conduct an initial assessment of learners Assessment is one of the main resources of learning. It is key to understanding and developing for both teacher and learners. Here are the different methods of assessments and how I would use them in my organisation. Initial Assessment: this method comes into play the minute the group of learners are introduced to a new teacher. It is a crucial part of their learning journey as it provides information needed to decide a learners starting point. It is the benchmark from which learners can progress and achievement can be measured. For example, teaching a new child on his or her first football session with my organisation, the teacher would need to assess age, physical attributes and most importantly if the child has every played or been taught before and if yes, to what standard. After this initial assessment it can then help the teacher plan a better programme for this individual and development can begin. Observation: Observing learners in action, whether it is certain drill or game situation is pretty much the main key to overseeing their developing firsthand. Also gauging their understanding, by them mirroring what they are being taught or shown. This can help the teacher grasp whether the teaching session has been successful and pitched at the right level. By viewing individual performances the teacher can assess this thoroughly and record notes of the session in the ‘evaluation section’ on the session plan. Formative Assessments: This is the ongoing assessment which takes place over the duration of the course to ensure each learner is or can demonstrate a progressive understanding of the learning objectives from each session. This can be done on an observational basis as well as QA (question and answer). For example, the teacher seeing a learner performing a skill that was taught as part of a drill in training and then progressing this into a game/match situation without being prompted. Witnessing this, noting it and then asking questions to that individual, such as – Why did you do that skill? Did it work? – allows that learner to gain some form of feedback on their actions in that situation. Question and Answer: QA is the obvious point of gauging what information has been taken on board by your learners. As well as learning the physical attributes of football, it is important learners know exactly why they are being taught a certain skill or drill and when and where they can use it in a game situation. So creating scenarios where learners can be shown something then questioned – why did we do this and can you think of a better way – will give the teacher a better understanding through the relevant responses from individuals or the group. This can be done on the pitch or broken down into a classroom situation. Getting answers from learners in a verbal or written way can help assess and test their awareness and knowledge in certain areas. Summative Assessment: This is the all important assessment that allows learners to gain that precious feedback in their development and standard of achievement in every object they undertake. Whether it is their performance in a football match or a task set within a training drill, the feedback given lays the path to progression for that learner within the task or match and allows the learner the chance to listen and acknowledge the teachers comments and take on board and develop for future situations. This can be delivered to them verbally or as a written player development report done on a weekly or monthly basis. Assessment Records: The records we keep on individuals are called Player Development Reports (PDR’s). The reason we keep those is to assess players’ progress throughout the course, from initial to final assessment. These are kept by the teacher and updated every session. They consist of the initial assessment, in which the teacher gathers all relevant information from them such as medical information, ability and special needs. This information is taken into consideration when setting aims and objectives. Learners will then be assessed to find their level, taking on numerous tasks and graded accordingly. This outcome again is recorded in their PDR to identify their needs and progression route. Following each session the teacher will add a comment in the PDR on what was achieved during the session and evaluating how well that individual participated, also commenting a note for development and new objectives. Along with learners PDR’s, the teacher will also assess the effectiveness of their teaching as each lesson goes by. This can be done through all forms of assessment, with the teacher evaluating their session judging on the understanding from each learner from that particular lesson. This will allow room for improvement or change of teaching style for further development within the group. This will all be noted in the ‘Actions for Development’ section of the evaluation page of the session plan. Record Keeping: Keeping records is one of the best methods to track progress, development and capability of all learners in your group. They also help keep the running of your organisation to a high standard, therefore making a good environment for learners to evolve. Throughout the course learners will be observed, assessed and tested through different methods in each objective they attempt or complete. These outcomes can be recorded through PDP’s (Personal Development Plans), test papers and documented one-to-one tutorials. These can be set aside and revisited at any point by learner or teacher. Keeping records, with regard to session plans and test results, etc, is also an important tool that allows teachers to evaluate and refine their sessions and any aspect of the rapport between teacher and learner that may need changing or improving, to ensure effectiveness when delivering a session. Also gauging who may need more help or who is ready for more extensive work. In my organisation the types of records we keep are slightly different but still as effective. As a football coach the records I keep consist of medical and incident forms, contact details of learner and venue, (including addresses), CRB numbers and coaches’ ID badges, also a copy of insurance. For obvious reasons these are kept safe and secure between sessions, but during sessions these would be on-hand with the coach in case of any accidents, incidents or emergencies.

Opposites and Paradoxes in King Lear Essay Example for Free

Opposites and Paradoxes in King Lear Essay The sequence of oppositional characters and motifs in the play bring about in the audience a sense of the corruption of principles that beset the protagonists of the play. With this sense of opposition comes a strong sense of the duality within the play seemingly centred on the Epodoclean theory of a â€Å"world governed by the contrary forces of love and hate. Though this is not unusual for a stage production, McAlindon believes that when the bond of opposites that constitutes the natural order of â€Å"revolt against limit and fly to extremes. † This can be seen in the characters foremost as the sons of Gloucester as well as the daughters of Lear are directly opposed to each other. Indeed it is in the internal nature of Lear that this is focused most powerfully as his beliefs in love and kindnesses are offset by the egocentric and chloric feelings that dwell within his heart. It is mainly from the character and fate of Lear that the true extent of the breakdown of nature can be seen as within the space of two weeks he has sunk from kingship to a world of destitution and poverty as he suffers at â€Å"th’ extreme verge† in his relationship with his family. What is most tragic in relation to Lear though is his rediscovery of Cordelia before the heart wrenching death she endures as he is thrown from the heights of grief before his heart gives way under the strain of ecstatic joy. But while the emotional converses that Lear endures are tremendously powerful they are not the only matters in opposition throughout the play. There can be seen in the various settings of the play a number of thematic oppositions, with the most apparent being the contrast between the nocturnal and gloomy castle of Gloucester as opposed to the serene Dover fields where Father and daughter are reunited, where love opposes strife. Indeed there are a great number of inversions that apply a new number of possible thoughts to the understanding of the play. Lear’s sufferings are completely opposed to the more typical tragedies of the Shakespearean era where there was a distinct separation between the suffering of the social elite and â€Å"the low and the ludicrous† in the principal of the Senecan school of thought. In King Lear though it would appear to be the Saturnalism theories that prevail as the positions of the lowest are inverted with those of the highest, as Lear takes the place of his fool in declaring the unpalatable truths of the world in his madness, adopting a sense of tragedy in the manner in which this is done. There are none more demonstrative of inversions than the antonymic nominalism that occupy the play with the most pathetic being Gloucesters praise of Goneril and Cornwall, whereby his loyalty to the king becomes â€Å"treason† whereas Edmund’s betrayal is described as a show of â€Å"loyalty. † But more than this it is a key illustration of the wickedness of protagonist such as Goneril who condemn â€Å"harmful mildness. † This sense of paradox is prevalent mostly in the evil party where it comes to signify a moral and social inversion of a rational order of things. In contrast to this a positive paradox comes to represent a renewal through destruction and a discovery though loss, most notably seen in the increase of France’s attraction for Cordelia following her rejection by Lear as she becomes an â€Å"unprized precious maid,† becoming â€Å"most choice, forsaken† as the isolation of â€Å"forsaken† seemingly highlighting the paradox. What is more is that a sense of pathos is granted through this as Lear’s misinterpretation of each one of his daughters and his reliance of the â€Å"wolfish† Regan and Goneril, as well as Gloucester’s miscomprehension of Edmund as being a â€Å"loyal and natural boy. The twin paradoxes that appear in the discovery of madness, characterised by Lear, and the discovery of vision in blindness are the most powerful in the development dignity undertaken by Lear and to an extent Gloucester in this play. McAlindon believes that of all the paradoxes it is the fact that th e tragedy develops around an inability â€Å"to contain the worst effects of a terrible eruption in nature,† and none is more terrible than the progressive failing of family links. The typical familial bond of mutual love and affection that is the ornerstone of most families is shockingly absent in King Lear though it is desperately craved by Lear himself. McAlindon believes that this style of bond involves love and justice as well as that it â€Å"predicates a glad and spontaneous performance of offices and responsibilities. † It is therefore bewildering that Edmund would break such a bond in such an anti-familial manner, undermining civilised society in the process, and comparisons can be drawn between him and Iago in his mistreatment of Claudius in Othello. Gloucester, however, can be seen to be as equally to blame for Edmund’s waywardness as his dreadful mistreatment of him, whose breeding is only acknowledged as Gloucester â€Å"often blushed,† and seems to be a victim of tragic causality as Edmund comes to believe that he owes everything to himself. The ancient Greek writers Plato and Aristotle believe that love creates emotional awareness and allows for the creation of just law. With this in mind the manner with which Lear treats the link between him and his daughters in such a material way shatters any sense of order or responsibility in his court with the dismissal of Cordelia and Kent becoming a satire of what passes for justice in society. If Plato’s theories are developed then it would seem that the main cause for injustice is a loss of human kindness and sympathy, explaining fully Edmund’s pathological hardness as his bastardy alienates him. In the same manner in which Edmund suffers a lack of acknowledgement, so too does Lear suffer the same fate, it is only through his mistreatment on the familial ties. McAlindon believes that Lear holds a heavy â€Å"dependence of personal identity on the bond† and it is his reliance on the bond as a material tie makes him a nobody after he divulges himself from his power and estate resulting in one of the most pathetic lines â€Å"I gave you all† separated from the cruelty of Regan. The greatest dignity is then conveyed onto those around him who still perceive the bond to be a union through love, and therefore still hold the same respect for Lear despite his failure to recognise them. The importance of a character understanding the treatment of time plays an integral part in the possibility of them being seen as a tragic figure. King Lear is a tragedy characteristic of its age, a tragedy of extreme and terrible violence, as there is a sense of the untimeliness of violence and destruction that rashness and impatience bring about. Most characteristic of this flaw is Lear as his kingdom implodes through his â€Å"hideous rashness† as he signals the unleashing of pitiless violence that culminates in the utterly pathetic death of Cordelia. He is ironically guilty too of being overly patient as there is an almost comic stichomythia between him and Kent portraying his unwillingness to accept facts. A parallel can be drawn with Gloucester in this as his impatience regarding the supposed traitor Edgar is both unjust and demonstrative of the nexus between time and justice as well as injustice and haste. Calculated swiftness becomes characteristic with the actions of the evil party and can be seen by Edmunds manipulation of Gloucester under the pretence of judicial behaviour as well as that of his brother as he acts â€Å"in cunning† and its placement a the beginning of the line illuminates its two meanings. In an extreme contrast the good party align themselves with time, adopting a policy of patience that is both dignified and tragic. Edgar is keen to wait for â€Å"the mature time† whilst Kent waits for the perfect moment to reveal himself to his master, however, it is his own personal tragedy that he never finds the right moment. This can be seen as a demonstration of a true heart as this is a play that appeals profoundly to the heart as much as it does to the mind. Emblematic of a noble heart is the manner in which a protagonist empathises and treats those around them and powerful contrasts can be seen between characters and their counterparts. Indeed the most powerful of these contrasts is between the â€Å"dog-hearted daughters† of Lear and Cordelia with the scenic juxtaposition of tranquil Dover and the castles and courts of Regan and Goneril a clear demonstration of this. To be truly tragic in King Lear a character possess a good heart and this is perfectly shown by the â€Å"marble hearted sisters† as opposed to Kent’s whose own heart is pierced by Lear’s rejection of Cordelia. Alongside the good characters Lear’s heart is true in its nature, though he seems to suffer the promethean anguish, with his heart replacing the traditional liver, culminating in his death which must be presumed as being from a broken heart. Compassionate love is the supreme value in the play and as discussed above beliefs and social morals come from love and therefore the heart. Conversely though a slighted heart can produce the most devastating fury and hatred through grief as not only does the heart present the duality of nature with the possibility for disunity and anarchy but in this same manner emphasizing the importance of patience. Therefore the presence of all the aforementioned undertones and subtle themes tragedy is both made distinctly more unattainable as well as becoming much more powerful in its nature, with pathos coming to play a key role in its development.

Development Of Psychological Thought In The Philippines

Development Of Psychological Thought In The Philippines If people lived in total isolation from other people, there would be no reason to study the effect that other people have on the behavior of individuals and groups. But human beings are social creatures. We live with others, work and play with others. We as Filipinos are full of extraordinary but amusing traits and attitudes. Filipinos love interaction and relationship within the society that is why we and the society are one. It is important because it is about us, the Filipinos. The way we influence, think and influence others. Secondly, it can help in educating and providing awareness in understanding the nature of people and experience. Thirdly, problems that we are facing nowadays such as societal problems, can be solved purely but this requires shift in human behavior. Lastly, it is important because it aims to deconstruct the Filipino minds way of thinking. It will serve as an eye opener for each and every Filipino. We personally expect that through this study we can understand the nature and causes of Filipino social behavior. The objectives of this paper are to know what gave rise to this field particularly its history? What are the concepts of social psychology associated with our daily life and what are its applications in the Filipinos. The scope and limitation of this study is within the context of the Philippines but some concepts were adapted from the West. It started during the 1980s. In the context of Philippine colonial education, Filipinos believe that scientific psychology came from the West. Murray Bartlett, an American established undergraduate psychology courses in the College of Education, University of the Philippines. American textbooks and English language were used as the medium of instruction. The good thing here is that literary writing was in Filipino language that was in dominance. Francis Burton Harrisons policy of attraction was also introduced during this time.  [1]   Early American Psychology in the Philippines and the colonial culture on Philippine Psychology was because of Agustin Alonzo. The Filipino term psicologia was already a part of laymans vocabulary.The works of del Pilar, Jacinto and Pardo de Tavera were rich sources of psychological theories even though they were propagandists and not psychologists. Even Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo mentioned the term Psicologos del verbo Tagalog in his speech. They were not title holders in Psychology but they still have this innate nature. The English language and the American system of Education were the instruments used. During the twenties American psychology teachers were replaced by Filipinos.  [2]   The Philippine objection to uncritical importation of Americans Psychological models challenged some of the Filipinos. The first attempt was done by Sinsiforo Padilla who took over from Alonzos position as a chairman at the University of the Philippines. Nevertheless, it was his colleague Manuel Carreon who took the cudgels for appropriate relevant psychological testing. On 1926 the Philippine Studies in Mental Measurement was published.Some understood part of Carreons message were modified to fit the Philippine context. change-apples-to-bananas  [3]   3 Isidoro Panlasigui identified the new culture of Psychology. The third generation of American brainwashed Filipino psychologists like Panlasigui. Due to this, Panlasigui admires America and it was clearly showed when he wrote about the psychology of the Filipino as he fought for the colonial language to be used. Alfredo V. Lagmay and his colleagues were sent to the United States not to neutralize the department. During that time, the Department of Psychology in the University of the Philippines was part of the College of Education. It was him to transferred it to the College of Liberal Arts. The U.P Department of Psychology was perceived as behavioral orientation form the 50s up to early 70s. His students continued some remarkable and significant studies in the field.  [4]   The History and Lines of Filiations in Philippine Psychological Thought Psychology-Academic This aspect of psychology became part of university curriculum under Francisco Benitez during 1922. It was first taught in the University of the Philippines as a part of the education curriculum. During the year of 1954, Joseph Goertz established the Department of Psychology and used English as the medium of teaching. On the other hand, in the midst of its growth in Manila this discipline was also introduced as a course in the University of St. Louis in Cordillera. It was facilitated by Fr. Evarist Louis a missionary priest.  [5]   Psychology-Academic Philosophy However, Psychology-Academic Philosophy was established first at University of Sto. Tomas by Spaniards and improved by the Jesuits. This aspect was older than the aspect mentioned before. It started and founded in many universities like UST (University of Sto. Tomas) and other Spanish institutions like San Ignacio and San Jose. In such institutions the medical and philosophy courses started. The ideas and written records on that time were seen to be related to Psychology. In a deeper analysis those can contain the way of life before. It includes the language , how the indio perceive the concept of self ,its criticisms and the activities of the ancient civilization. 4Ethnic Psychology The third aspect of Psychology known as Ethnic Psychology. It originates from the Filipinos and through the influence of other countries. It is not only older but also much complicated compared to the previous aspects. It has many strands to be entangled and one of those is the psychology that came from the Filipinos themselves. An indigenous psychology that is owned or influenced by other countries. The language is a cone attributing factor especially those activities that can show the collective experiences of Filipinos.  [6]   Social Psychology The study of Social Psychology is defined as a systematic study of the nature and causes of human social behavior. Primarily, its concern is about human social behavior. It includes a lot of matters regarding the individuals impact on other people, the processes of social interaction and the relationship that exist between individuals in the society. It is not just concerned with the nature of social behavior but also with its causes. It relies on methodologies, findings, experiments and surveys. In asking what the study is all about its 4 main concerns were also considered as a means of knowing it clearly. Basically it is about the impact that one individual has on another, the impact that a group has on its members then vice versa and the impact of a group to another group. In the context of the discipline in a working definition. Psychologists focus their attention in understanding the behavior of individuals within the context of society. It is primarily concerned with the understanding of the how and why individuals behave, think and feel as the way they do. In dealing with behavior we mean feelings and thoughts as well as overt actions. Consequently, it is defined as a scientific study of how a persons behavior, thoughts and feelings are influenced by several factors that can be real or imagined in the form or the presence of others. The field looks at behavior and mental processes including the social world in which we exist, as we are surrounded by other whom we are connected and by whom we are influenced in so many ways. It focuses on influence.  [7]   5An interview from Ms. Leslee Natividad from the Department of Social Sciences, University of the Philippines, Los BaĠos First we have to define first what Social Psychology is soà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Social Psychology is the study of how individuals affect the society and how the society is affecting the individual .If were going to relate Filipino into that on how the Filipino is affected by the society that we have here in the Philippines and maybe in the world in general. Now the world and the Philippine society affect the Filipino individual. As a person, everything that we are experiencing around us. Things that we are seeing, things that we are hearing, things that are affecting each and every moment of our lives that is part of Filipino Social Psychology. All of our behavior is shaped by the kinds of experiences that we have.  [8]   3 Main Areas of Social Psychology Social Influence It is the way in which other people affect our behavior. It is a process through which the presence of others can directly or indirectly influence an individual. These are ways in which other people affect our behaviors through thoughts and actions. How we are raised by certain people to whom we interact can affect our behavior. It varies with Conformity, Compliance and Obedience. Social Cognition It is defined as the ways how people thinks about other people and how they act toward other individuals. It varies because of attitudes which consist of the way a person feels and thinks as well a person behaves. Impression formation is also a part of cognition which is forming the first knowledge or judgment about a person seen for the first time. Attribution is the process of explaining self behavior or others. They use this to make sense of the social world through mental processes.  [9]   6 What was once called the objective world is a sort of Rorschach ink blot, into which each culture, lack system of science and religion, each type of personality, reads a meaning only remotely derived from the shape and color of the blot itself.  [10]   Social Interaction It is a way of knowing the positive and negative aspects of behavior. It is the area of Social Psychology which involves interaction and relationship between people. It includes prejudice which happens when an individual holds an unsupported and negative attitude towards other members of the society. It also varies with discrimination as treating people differently because of prejudice. Liking and loving, aggression were also developed here.  [11]   The liking and loving in our society known as interpersonal attraction is widely observed. Each one of us is attracted to some personalities in our society. It can be influenced and proved by the similarities, position, physical appearance and familiarity of both sexes  [12]  . According to psychologists they have identified three types of aggression. Firstly, is the Person-oriented aggression wherein the main goal is intentionally hurt someone. Secondly, is Pro active aggression when an aggressive behavior is done to achieve some desired outcome like gaining possession of an object. Lastly, is Reactive aggression is the reaction of an individual to an aggressive act.  [13]   In a positive way one of the best examples of pro social behavior is Altruism. It is a helping behavior that is costly to an altruistic person. It is a desire to help even there no 7 possible reward. It is always expected to depend on empathy. Empathy is the ability to share emotions and understand another person.  [14]   The Bases of Filipino Psychology Primarily, Prior knowledge of Psychology was the first basis of Filipinos for it involves important parts of Filipino Social Psychology. The knowledge of psychology Babaylan or Catalonan for the native Filipino people was an important part of Filipino Psychology. The Babaylan was the first Filipino psychologists. Aside from this were the prayers and whispers of various ethnic groups in the Philippines. Those were rich sources and stream of Filipinos prior knowledge of Psychology. We were also used in the psychology of the Filipino literature, even if it was expressed in oral or written way. It includes proverbs, stories and legends. The values and attitudes that Filipinos inherited were significant bases of Psychology. It includes most of Ethnic Psychology.  [15]   Man and his Thoughts The second is the basis of man and his thoughts and it denotes giving importance to man and his or her ideas. This is where Filipino Psychology and Psychology in the Philippines met. Filipino psychology was a part and always been a part of the worlds psychology. This basis has a clear influence of rational psychology that has been developed and improved in the University of Sto. Tomas. This was considered as traditional philosophy rooted in the ideas of Descartes and written works of Aristotle. Psychology is an aspect of Filipino Psychology as an academic discipline in some universities in the Philippines.  [16]   Period of changing mind It was the third basis because it is associated with Filipino personality. There were a lot of bases seen in this period. Particularly, this basis was evident in the written works of some Filipino writers like Pedro Serrano Laktaw and Isabelo delos Reyes. Even before the psychology of language was seen in written outputs produced by Filipinos. It somehow showed the shallow orientation of Filipino in terms of experiences in researching and conducting studies. Filipinos should not dampen their spirits instead they should hope for some improvements. 8Period of giving value to societal problems The time of giving importance to societal problems was the fourth basis because this serves as a witness of the society. Hartendorp is one of the American psychologists who become interested in our Psychology. The theory of Osias in 1940 is about the relation of language to the society and in connection of the knowledge of paralanguage in the actions of the individuals. However, his period is also the time of some Filipino psychologists. In such a way Filipino Psychology have this sure basis and it includes the works of Isidoro Panlasigui, Sinsiforo Padilla and Alfredo Lagmay who all gave importance to the acts and capabilities of an individual.  [17]   Societal problems Problems in the society were the fifth bases because it gave value for improvement and development. Aldaba- Lim is known for giving high value in societal problems. He often encourages Filipino psychologists to listen to the problems of the society. All doubts in his dedication will vanished if a person will examine all his efforts and contribution in some of his researches in Psychology. The period of Activism served as a witness of this basis. Language, culture and Point of view Language, culture and Point of view were the sixth bases because it is the most fundamental of all bases.Filipino language and dialect is very significant because it is a witness in the many studies conducted and translated into foreign language. The field must still use medium, system and ways to guarantee the wide scope of study. Regarding culture there are none or very few Filipinos who still doubt about the language and culture of the Philippines. According to some professors and psychologists there was this acquiescence effect in the can be seen in a scale used and answered by Filipinos. The American perspective was used in analyzing this. It must be done primarily in a Filipino oriented point of view.  [18]   9 The Concept of Language The concept of local language as a source of concept for Filipinos is a helpful tool because it gives a clear connection to their culture. Language is not just one effective way of communication but also a rich source of information. It is an affluent basis for the better understanding and orientation of culture. It is suggested to formulate a certain Filipino concept from the broader and wider scope it has. Language is the primary source in the study of Social Psychology of Filipinos. The native language is a rich source of concepts meaningful for and significant to the local culture. As a source of insight, some concepts were proven to be important in understanding the Filipino personality, worldview and behavior. Some of those were the concepts of hiya(shame), utang na loob(debt of gratitude) , pakikisama(yielding to the will of the leader or the majority, bahala na (fatalism) and amor propio (sensitivity to personal affront) which even some American psychologists attempted to study those. It still preferable to use the language as a main resource.  [19]   The Concept of Kapwa The concept of kapwa in Filipinos is an important aspect of Filipino social life. Kapwa is reflected because interaction among other individuals especially in the Philippines is an essential aspect of social life. Language reveals a lot about Filipino nature. For this reason, social interaction should be an evocative core of analysis in the process of classifying the concept of kapwa. The Filipino language in this notch, gives a conceptual division in several levels and modes of social interaction. Santiago and Enriquez identified eight in Filipino. 100The Levels of Interaction Interaction of Filipinos were categorized into levels namely pakikitungo (transaction/civility with), pakikisalamuha (inter-action with), pakikilahok (joining/participating), pakikibagay (in- conformity with/ in- accord with), pakikisama (being along with), pakikipagpalagayan/pakikipagmalagayang-loob (being in rapport), pakikisangkot (getting involved) and pakikiisa (being one with).  [20]   The concept of Kapwa as a shared inner self turns out to be very essential psychologically and philosophically speaking. While pagtutunguhan (dealing with/acting toward) is another term which can be used to refer to all levels of interaction. Besides, pagtutunguhan also connotes the most superficial level of interaction: the level of amenities while pakikipagkapwa refers to humanness at its highest level  [21]   On the other hand aside from the concept of kapwa According to Russell, In 1922 there were several explanations in essay forms about the high Filipino Self Concept. One of the most ordinary is it being the character of race as Filipinos got from the Malays. In 1965 Fox said that this is a trait of Filipino culture that is paid to be in the social context because of its fortitude to produce close family ties. .  [22]   The Concept of Human Interaction The concept of Human Interaction includes the distinction between (Pakikisama or Pakikipagkapwa?) It is an essential part because it is very consistent in Filipinos. Aside from the good sides of interaction, previous work on Philippine values pointed our three evil characters in Philippine interpersonal relations. These are the walang pakisama (one inept at the level of adjustment); the walang hiya, (one who lacks a sense of propriety and the walang utang na loob, (one who lacks adeptness in reciprocating by way of gratitude. 110 11 In a deeper analysis some studies were conducted, It was argued that pakikipagkapwa is more important for Filipinos. In the Philippines we usually gave more importance to pakikipagkapwa than pakikisama. We probably want a person without pakikisama than a person without kapwa tao. Pakikipagkapwa is really important.It includes all the other mentioned modes and levels of interaction. In fact pakikisalamuha is even closer than pakikisama in meaning to pakikipagkapwa.  [23]   Application of Filipino Social Psychology Filipino Culture The Social, Cultural and Ideational dimensions are diverse into aspects which were exhibited by Filipinos. The study of the customs and beliefs of Filipinos serves as a function of social and economic dimension of Filipino culture. The Philippine culture is such very rich. It was very evident in the following ways. In courtship and marriage most of the Filipinos regard this as a process of love as a parental affair. The marriage is the family affair which is measured as a success based on the number of children. Filipinos also believe in Babaylans and Catalonan which were said to posses supernatural powers to supplicate God. They were also fond of charms and they believe that when they perform their rites particularly on the Good Friday they will gain magical powers like anting-anting, lucky cards, stones and other stuffs. As a part of their social life they celebrate feasts to commemorate important events like Fiestas, Holy Week, New Year, Christmas and etc. It really played an ess ential role in the economic security and social solidarity of Filipinos. They are also known for their superstitious beliefs which are greatly connected to their rituals and ceremonies. In connection to supernatural beings they follow these beliefs to avoid bad luck. It was seen in birth, illness and death which control the psyche of Filipinos. In religion when Christianity was introduced by Spaniards, it became a driving force to the life of the Filipinos. They were also thoughtful especially when someone is sick and in need. They are afraid of what other people might say. Some of their practices include giving dowry, carrying of guns, choice of padrino and carrying bow and arrows, sibat and kris. During the time of our ethnic groups laws were also made with regards to property ownership an settling arguments.  [24]   12 Filipino Family The study of Filipino Family is valuable because they value family relationship. They have this behavior of close family ties. In an article written by Carlos P. Romulo entitled What Filipinos have Done and are Doing to the Family, The family will remain and prevail in spite of world cynicism and anxiety. The tradition must be preserved even in these modern times. He pointed out that this is one of the many serious challenges our society must face today. The people must also focus on improving and giving concern with our family life. It deserves the same amount of concern just like other sciences. The study of Phenomenology of the Filipino Family states that In Philippine society, the family is the dominating influence with its value of socio-economic security. This value leads to an individualistic attitude towards ones family which is manifested in doubt of hope, lack of commitment or lack of social awareness. The Future of Philippine Culture The future of Philippine culture is still questionable. The Philippine culture is still standing despite some changes imposed and caused by colonizers. Is there a Filipino Psychology? Due to reason of great confusion of racial heritages, Filipino nation is full of differences and intertwined particular observances, creeds and traditions dominant in native groups. The making of a credible treatise on Filipino Psychology will require lots of analytic research. Any scholar who will try must sort out individual as well as social traits. Particularly, the native, dominantly native but colored by foreign influences and dominantly foreign adapted traits. It is not yet finished because the source and influence must be differentiated.  [25]   13Marginalization of Filipino Identity The hiding and denigrating of Filipino identity and values was sarcastically introduced by thanking Gov. Claveria who was the one who imposed in giving Filipinos surnames. In such a way the personality of Filipino was concealed in his very name. Felipe de Leon examined the way Filipino names describe the people and how names can hide Filipino identity. The disparagement of Filipino personality is continued and taught in schools reinforced by media. Remember the legend of Juan Tamad, the concept of Filipino time, Manna habit, to talangka /crab mentality and even innate criminality and distortion of Filipino squatters, barkadas, stupid yayas, maids and drivers. The Americans assumed that Filipinos were ethically mediocre and they should be educated in an American way because of their indolence.  [26]   Marginalization of Filipino Literature Marginalization of Filipino Literature was realized because of the concept that Filipinos did not have a body of literature which is not true. Filipinos might really be fortunate if they can escape the disparaging remark that Filipinos do not have an indigenous body of literature. The mere fact is that Filipinos have it. Similarly, they have written literature and unwritten oral tradition. Filipinos also enjoy not published outputs, but no less real and valid. A sense of psychological tradition apart from a published psychological literature. 14Marginalization of Filipino Theatre and Film Marginalization of Filipino Theatre and Film is done by being refused as the world second big producer of film. The success of Filipino cinema and its influence on Philippine life and culture are grossly underestimated. The colonial responsiveness of the elite refuses to recognize the Philippines as the worlds second big producer of films. They cannot detain how a Tagalog movie can hold its own even against the most known popular grossed movies from Hollywood. They tremble in disbelief when confronted with the box office record of the original and authentic Rambo in person of Fernando Poe Jr.  [27]   The generalization goes like this. We as Filipinos are thus faced with the questions about the mystery of our identity but through the study of Filipino Social Psychology we can unravel those. The study as a summary proves one thing and only one thing and that is the fact that even before, Filipinos have a rich culture and tradition. We have own knowledge and system but during the time of the colonizers they blot out all the memories of our cherished identity. Nowadays, the Filipino concepts of Language, Kapwa and Human Interaction can be used as a means to improve better human relationship. The Application of Filipino Social Psychology is truly a reflection of what we are right now as Filipinos. It can be seen in the Social, Ideal and Cultural dimensions that we Filipinos are actually creating and improving from our history up to the contemporary period. The Filipino identity is marginalized but as long as we have this study to guide us it will 15 always make a point about Filipinos way of life that will lineate our past to our present and even to our future. This study can be a means in forging development. Development is not just concerned about progress. The logic must be it is about the Filipino people and for the Filipino people. Through, the help of this study we will become aware of the nature and causes of our attitude and behavior. The problems that our country is currently facing can be solved purely by different ways but it requires shift in human behavior. Therefore, we must inculcate positive Filipino traits and values perhaps change the negative ones. In the end, it is not only us who will outlive the legacy of Filipino Social Psychology but even our children of tomorrow. Changes may occur but it will always remind us of who, what, when and where we are today as Filipinos.

Art of Psychotherapy Essay -- therapeutic relationship

I believe that the art of psychotherapy is more important than empirically validated treatments (EVT). I feel that the art of psychotherapy lies in the common factors, which include the therapeutic relationship, client and therapist factors (e.g., personality), helping clients deal with problems, and hope or expectancy factors (Reisner, 2005). Although I do believe that empirically validated treatments may enhance the therapeutic process, the treatments themselves are by no means the most important or fundamental aspects of therapy. There appears, at least to me, to be much more of an art involved in developing the relationship with the client and understanding the client’s perspective. It takes art and skill of a therapist to examine, explore, or understand the self and another person. I agree with the idea presented by Allen (2008) that scientific knowledge is important, but it is not sufficient for the successful outcomes in psychotherapy. If a therapist cannot develop a re lationship and understand the client, then it is unlikely that individualized techniques could be successfully applied. Psychotherapy could easily exist as an art form if it were not for managed care. Managed care has not completely eradicated the art of psychotherapy at this point in time; however, as more research reveals EVT are applicable to more disorders, then the art of psychotherapy will likely decline in existence. This would occur due to managed care’s preferences for the use of EVT, since there is evidence that they work and likely work quickly, saving time and money. In order to receive reimbursement and compete with psychopharmacology there is a growing necessity for the reliance on empirically validated therapy (Reisner, 2005). Psychotherapy... ...ong with any necessary treatment measures (Scaturo, 2001). All types of therapy approaches are getting at the same problems of the client in an effort to alleviate them. The only real difference is they â€Å"process† that is that is involved. A discrepancy in treatment and the outcome is created if clinical expertise alone, research findings (EVTs) alone, or patient preference alone determines the treatments that the client gets (Reisner, 2005). Therapy involves both science (empirically validated treatments) and art by combining the relationship, knowledge of the client’s needs with the proper treatment techniques. Overall, I do not feel that manualized treatments will ever completely replace the art of psychotherapy; however, it is likely that the combination of manualized treatments and the art of psychotherapy will lead to more successful therapeutic outcomes. Art of Psychotherapy Essay -- therapeutic relationship I believe that the art of psychotherapy is more important than empirically validated treatments (EVT). I feel that the art of psychotherapy lies in the common factors, which include the therapeutic relationship, client and therapist factors (e.g., personality), helping clients deal with problems, and hope or expectancy factors (Reisner, 2005). Although I do believe that empirically validated treatments may enhance the therapeutic process, the treatments themselves are by no means the most important or fundamental aspects of therapy. There appears, at least to me, to be much more of an art involved in developing the relationship with the client and understanding the client’s perspective. It takes art and skill of a therapist to examine, explore, or understand the self and another person. I agree with the idea presented by Allen (2008) that scientific knowledge is important, but it is not sufficient for the successful outcomes in psychotherapy. If a therapist cannot develop a re lationship and understand the client, then it is unlikely that individualized techniques could be successfully applied. Psychotherapy could easily exist as an art form if it were not for managed care. Managed care has not completely eradicated the art of psychotherapy at this point in time; however, as more research reveals EVT are applicable to more disorders, then the art of psychotherapy will likely decline in existence. This would occur due to managed care’s preferences for the use of EVT, since there is evidence that they work and likely work quickly, saving time and money. In order to receive reimbursement and compete with psychopharmacology there is a growing necessity for the reliance on empirically validated therapy (Reisner, 2005). Psychotherapy... ...ong with any necessary treatment measures (Scaturo, 2001). All types of therapy approaches are getting at the same problems of the client in an effort to alleviate them. The only real difference is they â€Å"process† that is that is involved. A discrepancy in treatment and the outcome is created if clinical expertise alone, research findings (EVTs) alone, or patient preference alone determines the treatments that the client gets (Reisner, 2005). Therapy involves both science (empirically validated treatments) and art by combining the relationship, knowledge of the client’s needs with the proper treatment techniques. Overall, I do not feel that manualized treatments will ever completely replace the art of psychotherapy; however, it is likely that the combination of manualized treatments and the art of psychotherapy will lead to more successful therapeutic outcomes.

Poem :: Poems

As we sat around like every other day, We decided we could no longer stay. So we packed up the van And we were determined to darken our tan. California was where we were going To the beach where it’s never snowing. We were off to watch the scenery during the day And at night, find the best partay. By now you’re wondering who is we It is five of my friends and don’t forget me. So without further adieu Let me introduce my crew. First on my list Is a man who is hard to miss. He wears a bright orange coat But is rarely one to gloat. He frequently runs naked through the streets But is a friend to most anyone he meets. He is the kind of guy that is never a stranger He waves to everyone in his Ford Ranger. His music is a unique pick Pretending to play along is his trick. He works at the hardware store called ACE But teaching is what he wishes to chase. Hunting and skanking is what he loves to do His name is Mickey now onto number two. The next girl is the understanding one. She takes a lot of crap, but it’s all in fun. I.S.U. is where she chose to learn An education she hopes to earn. Soccer was her favorite sport She is very good, although she is quite short Hanging out with her is always cool She did quite well during high school. She has always been a real smarty Whenever we visit her, she knows where to party. She will always be a part of the group Her name is Julie and she’s the second of the troop. My long time friend Gabe is the third He is hard to describe in just one word. He has the biggest ears around His girlfriend, Staci’s house is where he’ll be found . Soccer’s what he loves to play Instead he’s stuck at work all day. When it comes to humor he’s the best At funny stories, he’s better then the rest. He tried to change the color of his hair Many people just turned to stare. With his future he is still unclear Purdue is where he’d like his path to steer. As for worries he has none His mind is set on having fun. This trip is all he has on his mind Now we have the fourth member to find. The next member lives down the street form me. My college roommate will soon be he. He is the tallest of our six His basement’s where we watch our flicks. A ’97 Camero is what he drives An I.S.U. education is for what he strives. A hockey goalie he used to play,

Aquaria In Relation To Science :: essays research papers

The hobby of fish keeping is much more difficult than it seems. It is also directly dependant on science. The bacterial cycle is one aspect related to science. As is how different filters work. Water conditions such as temperature, ph, and salinity play a big role in successful fish keeping as well. Science and Fish keeping go hand in hand.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When a tank is first started fish waste and excess food begins to decompose at the bottom. One type of bacteria breaks it down to ammonia, which is highly poisonous to fish. Then a second type of bacteria breaks down the ammonia to nitrites, nitrites are also moderately poisonous to fish in small amounts. Lastly a third type of bacteria converts nitrites to nitrates which are not harmful to fish but build up to toxic amounts generally within a few months. That is why 20% water changes every two weeks is essential to healthy fish keeping. It generally takes a tank 21 days to cycle. During those 21 days there are 3 days where the ammonia spikes to a large amount and 2 days later on when nitrites spike generally.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are 2 types of filtration for fish tanks biological and mechanical. Biological is what I spoke about in the previous paragraph. Those bacteria grow best on objects besides gravel. That is why having plastic plants and other dà ©cor in the tank doesn’t just make the tank look nice but also give the bacteria a better place to grow. Mechanical filtration aids in biological filtration in two ways, the water is filtered through a medium that helps dissolve the ammonia and nitrites into smaller pieces easier for the bacteria to convert, and filter out bigger objects from the water such as excess food. Generally the filter media is activated carbon within a floss cartridge.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The ph value in a tank doesn’t generally matter for basic to medium aquarium hobbyist. As long as it is between 6.5 and 7.2, ph ranges from acidic to base water. Some fish however like higher more acidic ph values, where as some fish are very stressed in acidic water and are more susceptible to disease and death. Temperature is very important to maintain to a certain extent. Most tropical and salt-water fish enjoy temperatures from 68 °F-78 °F. It is essential to have a heater in your tank to maintain the temperature. Salinity is important to monitor and control in salt water tanks.

Comparing Catrin, the Affiction of Margaret, Digging

In both â€Å"Catrin† and â€Å"The affliction of Margaret†, both poets talk about their child who is either changing or has left them. The main difference however is that â€Å"The affection of Maraget† is a narrative while â€Å"Catrin† is written as a first person perceptive. Both poems use the metaphors of chains or ropes to symbolise the relationship between the mother and the child. In â€Å"Catrin† the â€Å"red rope† is used to symbolise the mother and child’s connection. It could mean that rope itself represents their love, and how both Catrin and the mother are spiritually tied by their love. Or the rope could literally mean the umbilical cord which is physically connecting Catrin to her mother at birth, at the beginning of the poem. In other sense the rope could be used represent the conflict for power between Catrin and her mother, it could seen as a Tug of war rope. The word â€Å"red† used in this in this metaphor is ambiguous because the colour â€Å"red† could represents the love between Catrin and her mother that is still there even though Catrin grown up; or it could also represent the anger and frustration between Catrin and her mother for the fight for power. Red is also a warning colour, it could be warning about changes in their relationship, showing that there might be more trouble in the future. However in contrast the â€Å"chains† in â€Å"The affliction of Margaret† symbolise the opposite of the â€Å"rope† in â€Å"Catrin†. It represents the separation between the mother and her son. We can see that mother in poem is feeling a great amount of grief and pain. We can tell that she is in this pain when she says â€Å"thou, worse to me than dead. † This phase emphasis the mother grief, this shows that mother is in a lot pain, and that she feels excluded from the world around her. Through-out the poem you can that tell that mother has a great affection for her son, you can tell this by the repetition of the possessive pronoun â€Å"my†, which normal followed up by â€Å"son. † The repetition of the â€Å"my† emphasise the bond the mother and son have; also it could should that mother feels that it is her problem alone to face. The structure of â€Å"The affliction of Margaret† backs the point that she has in an unstable mind-set. There are 11 paragraphs with very different meanings. They are random statements with no connection between them except, the loss of her son. It looks like the mother has written the first thing that has come to her head. Because there is hardly connection between the paragraphs, it shows she is rapidly thinking of event that might have happened to her son, which highlighting the grief that she feels. In contrast, â€Å"Catrin† is much more ordered than â€Å"The affliction of Margaret†. It has two sections; the first section is the birth of Catrin and second section is an event in Catrin childhood when she wants to skate for an hour more. The ordered structure of poem could symbolise the hospital, a clean and ordered place. It could also symbolise the mother’s control over Catrin. In this poem Catrin’s mum has a lot of authority in Catrin’s life; the most when she is a baby. However we see in second paragraph, when Catrin is older that line length in the paragraph starts to vary more and the structure is more irregular. This could represent the control over Catrin depleting, showing that Catrin is getting more power in their relationship. â€Å"Digging† is a first person perspective poem about the poet breaking free from the family tradition of being a potato farmer. While â€Å"On my first sonne† another first person perspective poem which is about the poet grieving over his death son. I both of these poems the poet has great admiration for their relatives In Digging, Seamus Heaney use simple, colloquial diction through-out digging, to emphasise how easy his father did his job. â€Å"By God, the old man could handle a spade†. This quotation doesn’t only show how simple his father found his job, but also show how the poet aspire to be as talented as his father. The phase â€Å"By god†, is used to describe his describe the talent that his father has; he compares his talent to god. Also like in â€Å"The affliction of Margaret†, there is a repetition of the word â€Å"my†, it show that father and son have good relationship; it also emphasise son admiration for his father. Ben Jonson also uses simple diction in â€Å"On my first Sonne† to emphases the poet grief of losing his son. If you’re grieving, it is difficult to complex vocabulary. Also religious diction is used such â€Å"hope† and â€Å"joy†. The main why these religious word are used, is to fit in with key theme that god has taken his son way from him. However these words are also used to describe what emotions boy gave him; this show much the poet admired and loved the boy, to give him these emotions linked to god The structure of â€Å"On my first Sonne† is very short; it is only 14 lines long, the reason for this, is because the length of the poem is used to symbolise the life of Ben Jonson Jr, it was very short. In the title, the word â€Å"Sonne† is used, this word sound like the word â€Å"sonnet†, which a poem with15 lines, this poem has 14 line, so it is incomplete sonnet, like the poet’s son’s life, it incomplete, lso â€Å"Sonne† has one letter missing to Sonnet, this is other way the poet show how incomplete his son’s life was. Both in â€Å"On first Sonne† and â€Å"Digging† both feel that they done something wrong to the other family member(s). The poet in â€Å"On first Sonne† feels that he has love his boy too much, refers to his love as a â€Å"sinne†. This show that the poet trying to explain his pain, he say constantly through-out the poem, that it is sin to love too much. The poet in â€Å"digging† feels that he has broken the family tradition, but in contrast to â€Å"On first Sonne†, there is an acceptance â€Å"The squat pen rests. I’ll dig with it† This show the poet is proud of his choice of becoming poet, and says that hasn’t broken the tradition, because his is still digging. We see in all these poems that there are closes bonds between the parents and children, we also that separation or disagreement in these relationships can cause confliction and grief between the parents and the children.